Following are the commonly used voltages in Traction power systems: 25 kV AC 2 x 25 kV AC 15 kV AC 1500V DC 750 V DC. In general power systems, the allowable voltage variations will be +/- 6 % but in the Traction power system the voltage variation limits with respect to each voltage will be based on EN 50163. This standard also specifies the limits for each traction system voltag [...]
OBJECTIVE: To get a highly efficient transformer operate with minimum losses. To determine the Efficiency of the Transformer on full load Condition. To increase the life cost of the static device and gain some Economical Benefit, through transmitting power to the Industrial buyers. First, manufacturers who receive estimates from purchasers are tasked with constructing an optimal [...]
ABSTRACT I have discussed about the Losses in Transformer and how to acquire an optimal transformer with minimal loss from the manufactures and how to design it, and what’s the methodology to follow, all of them I have explained in my Previous post. But, in this post I have calculated, the capitalization value of No-load Losses and Load losses (A & B), with some Illustrative [...]
1.Introduction Generally, Protection coordination is a bottom-up approach. For any network, if protection device coordination is need to be performed, should start from the end equipment/bottom-most feeder. In the example SLD, the LV side of the Trafo2 must be coordinated first, and particularly MCC has to be enabled with the LV release settings. Then the MV side of the Trafo 2 [...]
LV – RELEASE The Low Voltage circuit breakers (<1000V) such as Molded-case circuit Breakers or LV power circuit breakers the sensing elements are an integral part of the circuit breaker. Fuse is both a sensing and interrupting device, but not a switching device. It is connected in series with the circuit and responds to thermal effects produced by the current flowing through [...]
What Is an Arc Flash Study?An Arc Flash study is a risk assessment of a workplace environment that determines Arc Flash hazards. It is basically a study to calculate incident thermal energy and Arc Flash boundary & recommendations for the mitigation of Arc flash hazards by using appropriate PPE.Why Do You Need Arc Flash Studies?To protect workers from workplace hazards. Every [...]
OBJECTIVE: The main objective of the blog is to find out different system grounding methods by using zero sequence X&R. INTRODUCTION: Grounding can be classified as Equipment grounding & System grounding. Equipment grounding is used for safety of human beings by minimizing the risk of electric shock. System grounding is used for connecting the Generator or Transformer neu [...]
FCMA (Flux Compensated Magnetic Amplifier) Electrical Soft Starter are step-less voltage reducing starters. It ensure a constant low starting current with incremental voltage and torque to the motor, to achieve a continuous and smooth acceleration of the drive. FCMA soft starters are air-core based series reactors, providing a complete starting solution for motor application invo [...]
Short Circuit Current Calculations for Symmetrical and Unsymmetrical faultsIt is not practical to design a power system which is free from failure. Hence we need to design the system which is capable of withstanding the faults till the fault is cleared by circuit breakers. It is necessary to select the circuit breaker which has the capability to interrupt the worst case fault cur [...]
METHODS OF REDUCING SHORT CIRCUIT CURRENT An electrical circuit in which a very low resistance path has been accidently opened. When the resistance in a circuit decreases the current in the circuit increases drastically, which can damage the circuit and cause fires. As a result, we have used certain equipment and other concepts in order to reduce the short circuit current. Increa [...]
